Up: [[Emotions]] Course: The Body in Individuation with Kathleen Wiley for Washington State Jung Created: 2024-11-05 A developmental psychologist named Silvan Tomkins studied infants in the early 1960s and determined that there are nine categories of affects that seem to be innate in all infants from birth. An affect is different from an emotion, although they are related. An affect, in Tomkins terms, is hardwired and biological. An emotion is our interpretation of that affect based on our culture, memories and experiences. These affects include: - Distress (pain, desperation, sadness) - Rage - Disgust - Contempt - Joy - Surprise - Interest - [[Fear]] - [[Shame]] Note that fear and shame weren’t observed until infants were a few weeks old, so they may not be truly innate.